The Nigerian mining sector remains a critical driver of economic growth, yet its operations often sideline gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) considerations. In this episode, we shed light on this issue.
A recent motion by Rep. Gaza Jonathan Gbefwi (Nasarawa, SDP) to investigate non-compliance by mining operators to the provisions of the Minerals and Mines Act, 2007, and the Explosives Act underscores the urgent need to ensure that mining activities are not only legal but also equitable and inclusive.
In mining communities, women and children often bear the brunt of environmental degradation and unsafe mining practices. Women, who rely on land and natural resources for their livelihoods, face displacement without adequate compensation, while children suffer from exposure to hazardous conditions. The neglect of Community Development Agreements (CDAs) further marginalizes these groups, depriving them of essential infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
Impact of Non-Compliance on Vulnerable Groups
Non-compliance with mining regulations has far-reaching consequences, particularly for women, children, and marginalized communities living in mining host areas. Several tragic incidents in 2024, including the Bodija explosion in Ibadan, the mining collapse in Niger State, and the Plateau State building collapse due to improperly reclaimed mine tunnels, highlighted the dangers of unregulated mining. These disasters disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, exacerbating economic hardship and social instability.
It is worth noting that in September 2024, the Ebonyi state government sealed four mining companies for non-compliance with the terms of the Community Development Agreement in the state. Also, the acting Director for the Environmental Compliance Department of the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, Salami Adegboyega, stated that the Federal Government had sanctioned 26 mining companies for non-compliance with environmental law. He revealed that out of 500 mining companies in Nigeria only 35 had their environmental impact assessment done
Mining: How Non-Compliance Can Affect GESI
Non-compliance from mining companies can affect marginalized groups through;
- Environmental and Health Consequences: Non-compliance with mining regulations can lead to environmental degradation, which disproportionately affects women and children. Contaminated water sources from illegal or unregulated mining operations can increase the risk of waterborne diseases, with women, as primary caregivers, bearing the burden of seeking alternative water sources and healthcare for their families. Toxic emissions from mining activities also contribute to respiratory diseases, particularly affecting pregnant women and young children.
- Disruption of Livelihoods and Economic Exclusion: Mining activities often displace local economies, particularly agriculture, fishing, and small-scale businesses where women play dominant roles. When mining operators fail to honor Community Development Agreements (CDAs), host communities can be left without compensation or alternative economic opportunities. Women, who are less likely to have formal employment in the mining sector, suffer the most from these disruptions, increasing poverty and dependence.
- Increased Security Risks and Gender-Based Violence: Mining communities often experience heightened insecurity, including land disputes and conflicts between locals and mining operators. In many cases, women and girls are more vulnerable to sexual exploitation and harassment by mine workers, security personnel, and other actors within these high-risk environments. The lack of regulatory oversight contributes to a culture of impunity, leaving affected individuals without legal recourse.
- Weak Community Participation in Decision-Making: Despite the provisions of the Minerals and Mines Act, 2007, many mining host communities, particularly women, youth, and persons with disabilities (PWDs), remain excluded from decision-making processes. The administration of consent in mining agreements often lacks transparency, making it difficult for marginalized groups to demand accountability or negotiate fair terms for land use and environmental protection.
Strengthening Regulatory Oversight on Mining
The motion correctly identifies regulatory complacency as a key factor in mining-related violations. Regulatory bodies must be held accountable to ensure that mining activities are conducted ethically, sustainably, and with a strong commitment to GESI principles. To address these gaps, the House of Representatives, through the motion, resolved to:
Enhance Public Awareness: The Ministry of Solid Minerals has been urged to launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens on their rights under the Minerals and Mines Act. This awareness will empower women and marginalized groups to report non-compliance and advocate for their entitlements.
Conduct Investigations: The Committee on Solid Minerals Development has been mandated carry out physical inspection to mining sites as well as a comprehensive review of the practices and effectiveness of regulatory bodies responsible for overseeing mining operations, with a focus on identifying areas of complacency and recommending necessary reforms to enhance their capacity and accountability and also carry out an immediate and thorough investigation into the non-compliance of mining operators with the provisions of the Minerals and Mines Act, 2007.
It is important that these resolutions should ensure that inspections and reviews consider the perspectives of all affected groups, especially women and marginalized communities. Investigations should assess how non-compliance disproportionately impacts marginalized populations and propose reforms that prioritize their well-being. Many mining operators often neglect their obligations to host communities, leading to social unrest and economic disempowerment. Stronger enforcement of CDAs will ensure that communities, particularly women and youth, benefit from mining revenues through improved infrastructure, education, and health services.
Women must be actively involved in decision-making processes regarding mining policies and enforcement mechanisms. Their representation in regulatory bodies and community negotiations will help ensure that mining operations align with GESI principles.
The motion to investigate non-compliance in Nigeria’s mining sector is a crucial step toward ensuring that mining activities respect the rights of host communities and vulnerable populations. A GESI-focused approach to mining governance will not only prevent future disasters but also foster sustainable development, environmental protection, and social justice.
The Nigerian government, regulatory agencies, and civil society organizations must collaborate to implement these resolutions effectively, ensuring that mining sector reforms lead to a more inclusive and equitable society
